鱼食性与肠道菌群关系的初步研究

对淡水养殖池中的乌鳢、鲢鱼、鳊鱼、鲫鱼不同食性鱼的后肠菌群进行了定性、定量分析,结果表明:四种鱼的后肠壁和后肠内容物都是厌氧菌总数远大于好氧菌总数;后肠内容物菌数远大于后肠壁菌数;不同的鱼,后肠壁的好氧菌总数差别很大,而厌氧菌总数差别不大;后肠内容物中的厌氧菌总数和好氧菌总数为:乌鳢>鲫鱼>鲢鱼>鳊鱼;而后肠壁细菌含量与食物没有明显的关系;后肠内容物和后肠壁中的双歧杆菌数为:乌鳢>鲫鱼>鲢鱼>鳊鱼。表明后肠内容物中的细菌总数、后肠内容物和后肠壁中的双歧杆菌数都与食性相关。大肠杆菌、肠球菌和乳酸菌在后肠的分布没有规律,说明它们与食物相关性不强。     

Oxygen uptake in the Antarctic teleost Pagothenia borchgrevinki. Limitations imposed by X-cell gill disease

Fish in a population of Pagothenia borchgrevinki in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, are affected by a gill disease (X-cell disease) which causes tissue hyperplasia that results in a decreased gill surface area and an increased water/blood diffusion distance. P. borchgrevinki acquires 95% of its oxygen via the gills, but damage to the gills by X-cell disease did not affect this function. There was no compensatory shift to cutaneous respiration. X-cell disease reduced the ability for oxygen uptake at low ambient P_{O 2} and the decreased uptake was related to the extent of the disease. _{O 2} max was greatly reduced in X-cell affected fish and substantially reduced their aerobic potential. This effect may impair the ability of diseased fish to catch prey and avoid predators.     

不同填充料对鹿粪好氧堆肥效果的影响

[目的]为了研究玉米秸秆、玉米芯、稻壳3种填充料对鹿粪好氧堆肥效果的影响.[方法]采用仓式堆肥反应器,以鹿粪为底料,测定不同填充料堆体中温度、含水率、好氧速率、C/N比等指标随时间变化的动态过程.[结果]3种物料均可作为鹿粪堆肥的填充料,达到无害化的要求.[结论]当采用大粒径,具有疏松的多孔性结构的玉米芯同鹿粪堆肥,便于通风供氧,堆体升温和降温速度较快,高温持续时间较长,含水率下降迅速,堆体物料腐熟速度快,有利于推动堆肥进程加速进行.     

蚯蚓堆肥前后对污泥肥力和小白菜种子发芽情况的影响

[目的]主要研究蚯蚓堆肥前后对污泥肥力和小白菜种子发芽情况的影响。[方法]利用蚯蚓堆肥处理污泥,通过测定堆肥前后污泥全氮、有效氮、全磷、有效磷、全钾、有效钾的变化,研究蚯蚓堆肥对污泥肥力的影响;利用堆肥处理后的污泥培养小白菜种子,通过测定发芽势、发芽指数和发芽率,研究堆肥后污泥肥力变化对其发芽率的影响。[结果]A1～A5(A2除外)试验组全氮下降幅度分别为27%、26%、21%和18%;A2组中全磷增加最大,为实验前的1.6倍;A2组中有效钾含量上升了20%;A5组中发芽率最低。[结论]蚯蚓堆肥提高了污泥中有效氮含量和全氮含量,而全磷含量、有效磷含量出现不同程度的增加,全磷增量大于有效磷,全钾和有效钾含量变化小;土壤中加入辅料对小白菜发芽势和发芽率均有不同程度的改善,发芽指数的变化趋势与发芽率一致。     

微生物菌剂对厨余垃圾堆肥温室气体减排的影响

为对厨余垃圾堆肥过程中的温室气体进行减排,在60 L强制通风静态堆肥装置中进行为期35 d的厨余垃圾和园林废弃物的联合好氧堆肥试验。在堆肥原料中分别添加复合微生物菌剂VT1000（VT）、枯草芽孢杆菌（BS）和地衣芽孢杆菌（BL）三种菌剂,并以不加菌剂的堆肥处理（CK）作为对照,监测堆肥过程中的CH4和N2O排放,以研究不同微生物菌剂对于厨余垃圾堆肥温室气体排放的影响。结果表明：微生物菌剂的添加会加快堆体升温和促进腐熟,同时能够实现不同程度的温室气体减排。堆肥过程中N2O的排放量在总温室气体二氧化碳排放当量中占比远高于甲烷,达到总排放当量的76.83%～88.57%,排放高峰期分别出现在堆肥初期和腐熟期。甲烷的排放高峰期出现在堆肥降温期,累计排放量达到温室气体总排放当量的1.65%～2.40%。各处理的总温室气体排放当量分别为95.84 kg·t-1（CK）、52.31 kg·t-1（VT）、42.03 kg·t-1（BS）和62.49 kg·t-1（BL）。与CK处理相比,BS处理的总温室气体的减排效果最好,减排率为56.15%,BL处理的减排率最低,为34.80%,VT处理减排率为45.42%。相较于CH4,菌剂对N2O的减排效果更好,可达35.32%～61.86%。结合堆肥过程的温度及各腐熟度指标,该研究选取的微生物菌剂能够在保证堆肥效率和产品质量的前提下有效减少温室气体排放。     

Adjusted method of penis fixation during boar semi-automatic semen collection aiming to reduce bacterial contamination

Semen collection has an essential role in the initial bacterial load in boar ejaculates and extended semen. The study aimed to explore the efficacy of an adjusted penis fixation in a semi-automatic collection system on reducing bacterial contamination of ejaculates in two-boar studs with different scenarios. Historically, stud A had low levels of bacterial load in raw semen, while stud B had a high level of contamination. A total of 56 mature boars had their semen collected using two methods of penis fixation: (a) Traditional: The penis was fixed directly with the artificial cervix and transferred to the adjustable clamp; (b) Adjusted: The fixation was performed with one gloved-hand, and after exteriorization, the penis was gripped using the artificial cervix with the other gloved-hand and transferred to the adjustable clamp. The bacterial load (p = .0045) and the occurrence of ejaculates >231 CFU/ml (p = .0101) were reduced in the Adjusted compared to the Traditional method. Bacterial load was reduced when using the Adjusted method in stud B (p = .0011), which showed a greater occurrence of critical factors for bacterial contamination (p ≤ .0034). The Adjusted method reduced the occurrence of ejaculates >231 CFU/ml when the preputial ostium was dirty (p = .016) and the duration of semen collection was >7 min (p = .022) compared to the Traditional method. In conclusion, the Adjusted penis fixation was efficient in reducing bacterial load of ejaculates, mainly in boar stud B, which had high contamination challenges.     

畜禽废弃物堆肥化过程中的腐熟度评价方法

就目前堆肥化处理现场较为适用的化学分析、植物生长等堆肥腐熟度评价方法做了归纳和适用性介绍。     

人工湿地氧化还原特征及其与微生物活性相关性

在水力负荷为800 mm/d的运行条件下,研究了复合垂直流人工湿地中试系统不同功能层面的氧化还原特征、好氧微生物数量、基质的耗氧速率及氧化还原酶类活性的分布特点。结果表明:各功能层面的氧化还原电位、好氧微生物数量、耗氧速率表层最高,并且随着基质深度的增加逐渐降低。除过氧化物酶外,氧化酶活性表现为表层高于中下层;而硝酸盐还原酶、亚硝酸盐还原酶等活性变化趋势则相反。同时,氧化还原电位与基质中细菌、真菌、放线菌的数量、耗氧速率等存在显著正相关关系;氧化还原电位与多酚氧化酶、过氧化氢酶、脱氢酶等氧化酶活性也存在显著正相关,而与下行流池的硝酸盐还原酶、亚硝酸盐还原酶等还原酶类存在显著负相关关系。     

高效纤维素分解菌的分离鉴定及堆肥效果研究

采用CMC-Na平板法和刚果红染色法从自然发酵的牛粪中分离获得高效纤维素分解菌,通过形态学观察、生化试验及16S rDNA分子生物学对菌株进行鉴定,采用单因素法确定菌株的最佳培养条件,最后接种牛粪进行堆肥发酵观测其效果。结果表明:获得的菌株Y2鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌;经产酶条件优化后,菌株Y2的滤纸酶活力(FPA)为15.83 u·mL~(-1),羧甲基纤维素酶活力(CMCA)高达100.81 U·mL~(-1),分别是优化前的1.3、2.76倍。堆肥试验结果表明:接种Y2组和EM菌剂组均在第3 d进入高温期(50℃),且高温期分别维持了9 d和8 d,接种Y2组纤维素降解率达到42%,而EM菌剂组为35%,接种无菌水组只有10.5%。菌株Y2在堆肥发酵方面具有较大的应用潜力。